Country Study
4 of 167Prevalence Index Rank

India

  • 18,354,700 Estimate number living in Modern Slavery
  • 1.40% Estimate percentage of population living in Modern Slavery
  • 51.35/100 Vulnerability to Modern Slavery
  • B Government Response Rating
  • 1,311,051,000 Population
  • $5,701 GDP (PPP)

Prevalence

How many people are in modern slavery in India?

India is undergoing a remarkable 'triple transition', in which economic growth is both driving and is being affected by rapid social and political change.[1] Economic growth has rapidly transformed the country over the past 20 years, including the creation of a burgeoning middle-class.[2] In 1993, some 45 percent of the population were living in poverty; by 2011 that had been reduced to 21 percent.[3] In addition to economic growth, ambitious programmes of legal and social reform are being undertaken right across the board, from regulation of labour relations to systems of social insurance for the most vulnerable.

Country Findings of Prevalence

18,354,700

Estimate number enslaved

Even with such remarkable change, given India has a population of more than 1.3 billion people, there are still at least 270 million people living on less than US$1.90 per day. While laws, systems and attitudes regarding key 'fault lines' such as the caste system, gender and feudalism are rapidly changing, social change of this depth and scale necessarily takes time.[4] In this context, it is perhaps unsurprising that existing research suggests that all forms of modern slavery continue to exist in India, including intergenerational bonded labour, forced child labour, commercial sexual exploitation, forced begging, forced recruitment into nonstate armed groups and forced marriage.

Quantification of modern slavery in any country is difficult, but is doubly so in a country as large and complex as India. Whereas in other countries, a national survey was used to estimate prevalence, in India, we chose to proceed with surveys at the State level. In 2016, random-sample surveys were conducted by Gallup in 15 States.[5] Collectively these surveys account for nearly 80 percent of the Indian population.

The survey data suggest that there are more than 18 million people or 1.4 percent of the total population, who are living in conditions of modern slavery in India. Industries implicated in the survey data include domestic work, the construction and sex industries, agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, manual labour, and forced begging.

Bonded labour

While bonded labour has been outlawed for decades, survey data and pre-existing research confirms that this practice still persists. Narratives available from 2016 survey respondents identify that some respondents perceived their situation to be one of bonded labour, some of which is inter-generational:

"Sir, it is the sin of my father that I have to repay the debts unless I shall have to beg. I have a threat against my family. I am prone to physical violence everyday." (Survey respondent, 2016)

"This is an old disease in the village that if you are not able to pay off your debts you will have to work as a bonded labor in the field of a powerful person. My husband was employed far from the village so that he can not run away." (Survey respondent, 2016)

In other cases, it appeared that bonded labour reflected debt lending practices and continuation of a feudal mindset:

"There are many people in the village who were working with me as a bonded labor. I was physically and sexually assaulted when I was working in the field. I had also threat on my life and on my family. I was also threatened that I had to leave the village." (Survey respondent, 2016)

"It's very common in this village that we have to work for repay the amount, our family borrowed. I was one of them. My motto was just repay the amount as soon as I could. They threatened to evict us from our homeland, shown their anger if I denied to perform any task. Sometimes the consequence extended to my family and they used physical torture in several time." (Survey respondent, 2016).

Bonded labour is not only illegal, research confirms that it has serious negative health impacts for those affected, who typically work in unsanitary and dangerous working conditions with no access to health care.[6]

Domestic service

Examples of forced labour of domestic workers were described by survey respondents. While not all domestic workers are abused, domestic workers are a particularly vulnerable group as work takes place in private homes and largely out of the reach of regulation. Official figures in India suggest that there are more than 4.2 million men, women and children working as cooks, cleaners, drivers, gardeners and caregivers across the country.[7] These estimates are from 2004[8] and experts suggest that there may be many more workers unaccounted for in these statistics.[9]

Domestic workers in some states are excluded from labour laws and can experience excessive overtime, withholding of wages or receive insufficient remuneration. It is reported that girls as young as ten continue to be hired in private homes.[10] Domestic workers can be subject to threats of and actual physical violence and in, some cases, sexual abuse.

"You are well aware that if a young lady works as a domestic servant she is always a soft target of being easily molested. So with me. I have not paid a single amount and in the name of debt I was made a victim of the sexual violence." (Survey respondent, 2016)

Forced begging

Street begging by adults and children is a prominent feature of many Indian cities. Though many beggars do so out of economic desperation, survey data confirms that criminals also force people to beg:

"Though I am begging I am not paid a single amount. I have to deposit all to them. I am deprived of food and good sleep. I am not paid my wages only working as a bonded labor." (Survey respondent, 2016)

"I was forced to do begging and still begging with the others...I cant say anything to you because I am in constant fear. I am threatened by my employer not to open my mouth to anybody otherwise I will be punished severely." (Survey respondent, 2016)

Commercial sexual exploitation

Existing research and the 2016 survey data confirm the existence of forced prostitution. As one survey respondent said:

"My wife is kept in the locked room and sexually harassed and being forced to work as a prostitute. She is physically punished whenever she refuse to have sex. My family is under death threat. We are also threatened of legal action against us." (Survey respondent, 2016)

Another reported:

"I was forced to work in the flesh trade... Can you imagine that I kept in a locked room for the whole day when I refused to work under pressure? It is because they had always threatened me and my family for physical violence and tortured." (Survey respondent, 2016).

Existing National Crime Records Bureau data indicate there were almost 5,500 cases across India under existing human trafficking laws in 2014. As the law does not differentiate between human trafficking and sex work, and there are no formal guidelines on who is identified in rescue and raid situations, it is impossible to know if every one of these cases involved force or children, or whether some were simply cases of economic survival.[11]

Forced marriage

More than 50 percent of women are married in India before the legal age of 18.[12] Despite the illegality of sex-selective termination of female foetuses, the introduction of sexdetermination by ultrasound[13] has seen some areas of India experience significant gender disparity and a dearth of available brides. The subsequent demand for brides, particularly in rural communities where many girls of marriageable age have migrated to cities for employment, has fuelled the trafficking of women for forced marriage. It is reported that in some instances, girls are forced into marriage and then used as unpaid labourers—local day labourers cost US$140 for a season but a bride can cost only US$100 as a once off payment.[14] The northern state of Haryana has India's most distorted sex ratio—114 males for every 100 females.[15]

The Walk Free survey questions have been carefully designed to draw a very clear distinction between arranged marriages (which are not in scope), and forced marriages (which are in scope). Cases of forced marriage were identified through the survey process.

Forced recruitment for armed services

A number of regions in India continue to experience armed violence and conflict between state-armed forces and armed opposition groups (AOGs).[16] There is ongoing evidence to suggest that children are forcibly recruited into AOGs in Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and West Bengal, Assam, Manipur and Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.[17] Some children as young as six are used by Naxalites as informers and trained to fight with crude weapons, such as sticks.[18] Once children reach 12 years, they receive training in weapon handling and the use of improvised explosive devices. Some women and girls have reported experiencing sexual violence in militant camps.[19]

Uzbekistan is the world’s sixth largest producer of cotton. During the annual cotton harvest, citizens are subjected to statesanctioned forced labour. Monitoring by international organisations has meant the government has begun to take steps to improve the situation, however, reports from the 2015 harvest estimate that over one million people were forced to work.

Photo credit, Simon Buxton/Anti-Slavery International

Vulnerability

What factors explain or predict the prevalence of modern slavery in India?

There are more than 270 million people living below the poverty line in India.[20] Homelessness, including of children, remains a major concern. For example, a census of children living on the street in Mumbai in 2013 found a total of more than 37,000 children, primarily concentrated in commercial areas with a bustling informal economy. Seventy percent were boys and thirty percent were girls, and 18 percent were in the 10 12 year old age bracket.[21]

Average Vulnerability Score

51.35/100

CountryCivil & Political ProtectionsSocial, Health, & Economic RightsPersonal SecurityRefugees & ConflictMean
India37.0736.6843.8887.7851.35

The informal nature of much of India s labour economy also impacts on vulnerability. According to government statistics, some 75 percent of rural workers and 69 percent of urban workers are in the informal economy.[22] These workers face risks associated with a highly unregulated and unmonitored work environment, particularly in the country s many brick kilns. The country s steady population growth and the corresponding demand for improvement of infrastructure and increased dwellings have enabled the 'blood bricks' produced in these industries to continue.[23]

Vulnerability to slavery in India has some common elements, with poverty and the lack of capacity to absorb shocks, and deep structural inequalities reflecting gender, caste and tribe all being highly relevant.[24] However, vulnerability is also distinct state by state. For example, in Bihar, agricultural shocks, high prevalence within the population of members of the Scheduled Castes, combined with borders to Nepal, result in forced labour connected to migration for work both within and from India. Also, Bihar is one of the states affected by the Naxalite conflict. According to the UN Security Council, Naxalites in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha states recruited boys and girls between six and 12 years of age into specific childrens units. Uttar Pradesh which has the highest proportion of castes and tribes of all Indian states, the issues are quite different. For example, so-called —manual scavenging is reported to be still widely practised, in which members of a certain caste are required to clean out dry latrines. When they seek to leave or refuse to do this work, they face violence and abuse.[25]

Women and girls face significant discrimination and high rates of sexual violence across India, and this is particularly true for women and girls from the Scheduled Castes and Tribes.[26] While Prime Minister Narendra Modi referred to a string of rapes as a national shame , and there has been a raft of legislative and criminal justice reforms signalling some progress, women are still at very high risk of sexual assault and domestic violence.

While factors such as dowry payments and a desire to avoid sexual violence are commonly given as reasons for early and child marriage, recent research suggests that these are symptoms of deeper risk factors. Vulnerability to early and child marriage has been attributed to a complex matrix of underlying risk factors, reflecting the interplay of patriarchy, class, caste, religion and sexuality, that all impact on decision making.[27] Overlaid with this are the economics of marriage, dominant concepts of sexuality, widely-accepted gender norms including concepts of masculinity, educational and institutional gaps, the centrality of marriage in Indian society, and the desire for parents to exercise control over their children as they become young adults.[28]

Across India, but particularly in some southern states, Indian migrant workers actively seek jobs in construction and care industries, primarily in the Gulf, Europe and North America. There are reported to be 14 million Indian men and women working overseas, primarily in the Gulf, many of whom will have sought work through their networks rather than formal channels.[29] Official migration processes are complex and often tainted by corruption, which further encourages irregular migration. These channels leave migrants with little recourse against practices such as unilateral contracts, dangerous working and living conditions, limited movement and access to communications, withholding of passports and wages, and physical and sexual abuse.[30]

Article Promising practices in responding to bonded labour

Promising practices in responding to bonded labour

Uttar Pradesh (UP) is India’s most populous state with a population of nearly 200 million people. In UP, statistics on bonded labour suggest remarkable improvements, reflecting the work of NGOs that work with local communities to bring people out of bonded labour.

In 2013, a group of labourers from Chhattisgarh went to Jammu and Kashmir (J & K) to work as daily-wage labourers in a brick kiln. What began with a promise of better life soon turned into drudgery, perennial hunger, abuse and physical violence. After enduring these conditions for 12 months, the labourers were sold by the employer to another brick kiln owner.

A young man named Deepak Das (name changed) broke this cycle of exploitation when he escaped from the kiln. Back in his village, he met the NGO team who were there to establish a Community Vigilance Committee (village-level self-help groups). On hearing Deepak’s account, the NGO played a crucial role in convincing the J & K officials to take action. The Bonded Labour Act establishes a system to release and rehabilitate of bonded labourers, and prosecute offenders but it requires action from local authorities.

The brick kiln was raided by a joint team from the police, labour and social welfare departments. All of Deepak’s 48 co-workers were rescued. The NGO ensured that the freed labourers received their release certificate and had their statements recorded under the Bonded Labour Act. This enabled the victims to receive rehabilitation benefits and entitlements from the government. The freed labourers were also sensitised on the larger issue of enslavement and trafficking, which encouraged them to help the NGO identify new cases in their area.

Civil society action, organised by the people, for the people, is the backbone of the anti-slavery movement in India. It provides support to law enforcement while creating the conditions of trust that victims of abuse, exploitation and neglect require. Continued cooperation between civil society organisations and law enforcement is key to ending bonded labour.

From the 'Less than Human' series. A large cargo boat is seen in Songkla Port, Thailand. 09/03/2014. Photographer Chris Kelly worked undercover to expose the link between prawns being sold in big name supermarkets, and the slaves who live and work on Thai fishing boats miles out to sea.

Photo credit, Chris Kelly

Government Response

How is the India Government tackling modern slavery?

Given the scale and complexity of the issue in India, it is significant that the government of India has taken many steps designed to address vulnerability on a broad scale. Recent amendments to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act makes it an offence to, among other things, compel a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe to do begar or other forms of forced or bonded labour; dispose or carry human or animal carcasses, or dig graves; or do manual scavenging. The 2016 amendments also make it an offence to promote dedicating a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe woman to a deity, idol, object of worship, temple, or other religious institution as a devadasi or any other similar practice.[31]

Government Response Rating

B

The government has also drafted a National Policy for Domestic Workers , which is currently awaiting Union Cabinet approval. If enacted, the Policy would safeguard a minimum salary of Rs 9,000 (approximately $135 USD) per month for skilled fulltime domestic workers, paid leave and maternity leave, social security, and the right to collectively bargain. It also includes calls for provisions against sexual harassment and bonded labour for domestic workers.[32] The fact that domestic workers were identified in forced labour in the 2016 Walk Free Foundation state surveys underscores the urgency of policy change on this issue.

In June 2015, the Ministry of Women and Child Development launched Khoya Paya , a Lost and Found website, which operates in addition to the Ministry of Home Affairs Track Child site. Track Child provides a forum for police to exchange information on missing children, while the new site extends to the public, allowing registration of missing children by their families in coordination with police efforts.[33]

In terms of more specific responses to modern slavery, India has criminalised most forms of modern slavery, including trafficking, slavery, forced labour, child prostitution and forced marriage, as part of its penal code or under specific legislation. However, there is no distinction drawn under the existing trafficking legislation between human trafficking and sex work which makes interpretation of results difficult. There is also no current legislation covering the use of children in armed conflict.[34]

Responsibility for the national government s response is divided between three ministries: Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Home Affairs, and Ministry of Women and Child Development. While each agency has different mandates and areas to cover, the absence of strong, continuing coordination across these agencies had led to a fragmented and complex response to modern slavery.

Implementation of anti-trafficking laws in the Penal Code is the responsibility of the Ministry of Home Affairs, which provides information about cross-government efforts on its anti-trafficking portal. The portal includes criminal justice statistics, details of anti-trafficking police units, information on government and law enforcement training, and information on anti-trafficking legislation and reporting mechanisms, including the ChildLine hotline.[35] Criminal justice statistics, both on human trafficking and bonded labour crimes, are published by the National Crime Records Bureau.[36]

Laws prohibiting bonded labour have been on the statute books for decades.[37] The response to bonded labour is coordinated by the Ministry of Labour while the district and sub-divisional level vigilance committees provide advice to the courts on bonded labour issues.[38] The National Human Rights Commission monitors the government response, regularly reviews existing government policies and practices from a human rights perspective,[39] and provides training to district Magistrates, Deputy Commissioners and other government officials.[40] Statistics suggest that many states are yet to implement the Supreme Court order which required district vigilance committees to undertake surveys to identify and release those in bonded labour, as many still submit an official report of zero cases.[41] The state of Karnataka has made progress on the Order, as reflected in the numbers of cases of bonded labourer identified in official crime statistics. Outside this, there are concerns about the effectiveness of the response to bonded labour in India.[42]

The Indian National Government has undertaken an ambitious programme to establish specialist anti-trafficking police units throughout the country. These are mandated to facilitate interagency coordination for the rescue of children and postrescue care efforts, to monitor interventions and provide feedback, and to collect and analyse data related to trafficking to be shared with state governments and the media as appropriate. The government continued to expand the number of units across the country, reaching 225 units by December 2014, with the aim to establish 330 anti-human trafficking units.[43] While these efforts are commendable, it is also clear that some units are working well and others are not. It is reported that one issue relates to budget, but there are also numerous systemic issues that result in investigations stopping at state boundaries. Reflecting these concerns, a recent National Legal Services Authority submission to the Supreme Court called for a central investigations bureau to be established to investigate cross-border crimes.[44]

Both the judiciary and law enforcement have received training; more than 20,000 police personnel have been trained on victim identification, implementation of the new legal framework, and victim-centred investigations. The government victim compensation scheme also extends to victims of human trafficking; however, the amount and efficiency of dispersal is largely dependent on the state administration and is not available country-wide.[45] In a recent landmark case, four traffickers were prosecuted following a three-day trial for kidnapping a 14-yearold Haryana girl and forcing her into domestic servitude and sexual exploitation; they were sentenced to between seven and ten years in jail, with half of the fine paid to the victim as restitution.[46]

The Indian Government funds victim support services, however, efforts need to be directed at improving these both in terms of approach and quality of care. The Ujjawala project is one of the primary support systems in India for children and young women at risk, but this does not necessarily equate to specialist services for victims of trafficking. Most shelters have limited facilities and resources to provide holistic support.[47] Government shelters are required to register; however, services vary as there are no standards attached to registration, and no inspections or follow-up. Furthermore, under existing laws, survivors under the age of 21 can and are subject to extended periods of court ordered custody in protective homes, effectively resulting in their detention.[48] Specific government trafficking shelters are currently available only for women and girls.[49]

India continued to take steps toward collaborating across the region to respond to transnational trafficking crimes and provide protection for Indian citizens migrating overseas. Indian police have cooperated with regional counterparts on transnational human trafficking investigations. In 2014, Indian and Bangladeshi police undertook a joint investigation to identify two Bangladeshi girls sold into commercial sexual exploitation in India. Both girls were found and successfully repatriated; the offenders are being prosecuted under new anti-trafficking provisions.[50] In March 2016, India and Bahrain agreed to increase bilateral cooperation on human trafficking issues, especially women and children in the Gulf.[51] [52] This agreement provides protection for victims, including repatriation, and provides for close cooperation and information exchange between police and other concerned authorities.[53] In April 2016, media reports suggested India will sign a similar agreement on anti-human trafficking collaboration with the United Arab Emirates shortly.[54]

In December 2015, in response to public interest litigation initiated by an NGO, the Supreme Court of India took note of evidence of the deficiencies of the existing victim support network.[55] The Supreme Court of India disposed of the litigation when the Ministry of Women and Child Development stated that it was taking steps to establish the 'Organised Crime Investigative Agency' (OCIA) and had established a committee to prepare new 'comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation' to ensure, among other things, that victims are not treated as criminals and provided with adequate shelter homes. The Supreme Court also highlighted the need for stronger victim protection legislation and protocols and provision of adequate shelters.[56] This is critical as recent research suggests that rescue efforts involving children are not always operating in the best interests of victims, and are not resulting in appropriate criminal action against employers or traffickers, leaving children at risk of retaliation and re-trafficking.[57]

Early indications are that many steps have resulted from this Supreme Court order. An inter-ministerial committee has been formed, legislation has been drafted and certain outcomes appear close to completion. For example, efforts to develop a comprehensive standard operating procedure on rescue, rehabilitation and prevention of trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation was being finalised at the time of print.[58] It is not yet clear how this will impact on the existing laws and infrastructure, such as the anti-human trafficking units, already established. Part of the challenge will be to ensure that gains already made are not lost in efforts to create a new system, while the new system does not add another layer of complexity to an already overcrowded system.

Government Response The importance of law enforcement

The importance of law enforcement

With the population of most Indian states being larger than the population of many countries, the role of state police in combatting modern slavery is critical.

The active approach of state police in several states has lent early successes to the national government’s ambitious programme of establishing specialist antitrafficking police units throughout India. Known as the Integrated Anti Human Trafficking Units (IAHTUs), these specialist units comprise trained police officials, prosecutors and NGO workers who work as an integrated task force to prevent and combat human trafficking.

In July 2015, the AHTU of Telangana state police removed 39 women and girls who had been trapped working in squalid conditions in a brothel in Chandrapur, a city in Maharashtra. The operation is an example of successful cross-state cooperation, as police and NGOs from both States worked together to get the women to safety and prosecute the perpetrators.

The operation was initiated by the Crime Investigation Department of Telangana police after gathering information from a victim, who had escaped the brothel and returned to her village. The police team undertook days of preparatory work, including a reconnaissance of the area, briefing the local police department in the neighbouring state and training on proper conduct during the operation.

The AHTU raid found women and girls living in unhygienic conditions in cramped rooms. Of the 39 victims, a number were HIV positive and some were pregnant. Children of the women were living in the custody of the traffickers. Charging 150 rupees for every client, the women received half, and half was taken away by the traffickers. The women were denied food when they tried to refuse clients. The AHTU arrested the perpetrators and presented them to the local magistrate.

The victims were taken safely back to shelters in Hyderabad. The police presented the minor victims to Child Welfare with assistance from relevant NGOs. The accused were sent to judicial custody and the Preventive Detention Act was invoked against the repeat offenders.

Government Response The importance of successful prosecutions

The importance of successful prosecutions

Prosecution of perpetrators is a critical part of any response to modern slavery. In any country, securing a prosecution is typically a long and hard process, but this is particularly true in India, given the millions of cases pending in the overworked judicial system. Legal support for the victim can make the difference between case failure and successful prosecution.

In March 2016, lawyers associated with an NGO in Bihar, won a three-year long case that resulted in sentencing of four traffickers and financial restitution for the 14-year-old victim who had been kidnapped, sexually abused, enslaved and then sold by her handler in a ten-monthlong ordeal. The four accused were given between seven and ten year sentences and fined Rupees 286,000 (US$4,300). The victim received 60 percent of the fine amount. The lawyers who fought the case provided legal support to the victim throughout the trial, which can be a very difficult and emotionally-fraught process. The lawyers also worked with the public prosecutor to build a strong case against the accused.

Every successful prosecution helps to change the current balance of risk, in which modern slavery is a high-profit lowrisk activity for perpetrators.

Rajshahi, Bangladesh, January 2013. Dipa is 13 years old and has been engaged in prostitution for five months. She used to go to school, but stopped in class three after her family could no longer afford to send her. Her two sisters are also engaged in prostitution, but clients prefer to visit Dipa as she is the youngest of the three. She gets between four or five clients and earns about 1,200 Taka (US$15) a day.

Photo credit, Pep Bonet/ NOOR

Recommendations

What do we recommend

Government

  • With many of the necessary laws in place and under development, the focus must be on implementation and tracking improvements in implementation. For example, given the high levels of internal migration, there is a clear need to ensure State police are encouraged and enabled to continue investigations across borders. This needs to be in addition to any central investigations bureau which will likely focus on only the most complex cases.Ratify and implement the Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour.
  • Ratify and implement the Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour.
  • Ratify and implement the Domestic Workers Convention.
  • Proactively require all states to follow up on the Supreme Court Judgment of October 15, 2012, to identify and release those in bonded labour, and report on progress. Require States who report zero cases of bonded labour to show what steps have been taken to actually find and assist bonded labourers.
  • Update regulations and processes for the implementation of the Bonded Labour Act, and report on its implementation.Focus on practical ways to regulate and monitor practices of placement agencies.
  • Focus on practical ways to regulate and monitor practices of placement agencies.
  • Implement a new National Action Plan that targets the full spectrum of modern slavery, while recognising the differences between highly organised crime (which is likely to be cross-border) and more localised practices of bonded labour.
  • Ensure that victims are not criminalised or detained both by law enforcement and in the shelter system. Victims must be protected (including protecting their identities) throughout the duration of their court cases. Repeal laws which permit detention of victims.
  • Increase the proportion of female police officers in enforcement.Create and monitor implementation of standard operating procedures for shelter homes to support quality and rights based post-rescue rehabilitation of survivors.
  • Create and monitor implementation of standard operating procedures for shelter homes to support quality and rights based post-rescue rehabilitation of survivors.
  • Prevent the recruitment of children into AOGs and provide targeted rehabilitative services to rescued children.

Business

  • Partner with civil society organisations to provide safe work and vocational training to survivors of modern slavery, under the Company Act 2013 corporate social responsibility requirements.
  • Export-oriented industries such as textiles, agriculture and carpet weaving should work through their industry bodies and with appropriate third parties to create industry-wide supply chains that are free of modern slavery.
  • Domestic industries, such as construction, manufacturing and brick kilns, should work with state governments and local organisations to find innovative ways of eliminating the need for child and bonded labour in their businesses.

Footnotes

  1. Rajiv Kumar, India 2015: Towards Economic Transformation (The Legatum Institute, 2015), 2, last accessed April 4, 2016,  https://lif.blob.core.windows.net/lif/docs/default-source/publications/india_nedtransitions_a4pweb.pdf?sfvrsn=4
  2. As above, 5. 
  3. Table 162: Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line, (Reserve Bank of India, 2012), last accessed April 4, 2016,  https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=16603
  4. Sonalde Desai and Amaresh Dubey, "Caste in 21st Century India: Competing Narratives" (2012) 46(11) Economic and Political Weekly, 40–49, accessed April 4, 2016,  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3379882/
  5. Random sample surveys were conducted by Gallup in 2016 in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal. Survey sample size in each State was 1000 except for Andra Pradesh and Telangana which was split into two states during the survey process, where a sample of 500 was applied to each. 
  6. A. Arunkumar, "Occupational health hazards and causative factors of male adult bonded labourers of South India: a mixed method pilot study" (2016) 3(3) International Journal of Community Medical Public Health, 735-740, accessed April 6, 2016,  http://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/109/109-1453314813.pdf?t=1462509644
  7. "Domestic Workers in India", Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing, last accessed April 4, 2016,  http://wiego.org/informal_economy_law/domestic-workers-india
  8. As above. 
  9. Personal communication. 
  10. As above. 
  11. National Crime Records Bureau, Statistics 2014, Table 6A.1, Incidence & Rate of Crime Relating To Human Trafficking During 2014, page 202,  http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2014/Statistics%202014.pdf
  12. "Early and Child Marriage: A Landscape Analysis", Nirantar Trust and American Jewish World Service, last accessed April 6, 2016,  https://ajws.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/EarlyChildMarriageinIndia_Landscape
  13. 'The Marriage Bazaar: How Female Foeticide has Made Bride Trade a Roaring Business', Hindustan Times, December 28, 2014, accessed 04/04/2016:  http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-marriage-bazaar-how-female-foeticide-has-made-bride-trade-a-roaring-business/story-U7egbgiWQnStSBjM4MZnmI.html
  14. 'India's Bride Trafficking Fuelled by Skewed Sex Ratios', The Guardian, December 17, 2014, accessed 06/04/2016:  http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/dec/17/india-bride-trafficking-foeticide
  15. 'Bare branches, redundant males', The Economist, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21648715-distorted-sex-ratios-birth-generation-ago-are-changing-marriage-and-damaging-societies-asias
  16. India Report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in advance of India's initial report on the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, (Child Soldiers International, 2013), p.2, accessed 05/04/2016: 
  17. As above. 
  18. Children in Armed Conflict, Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council (A/69/926–S/2015/409), (Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, 2015), accessed 05/04/2016:  https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/countries/india/
  19. Sanjay Pandey, 'Forcing Children to Fight in India's Restive East', Al Jazeera, March 22, 2015, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/forcing-children-fight-india-restive-northeast-150315075033994.html
  20. Table 162: Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line, Reserve Bank of India,  https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=16603
  21. Action Aid and Tata Instiute of Social Studies, Making Street Children Matter A census study in Mumbai City, (Action Aid and Tata Instiute of Social Studies, 2013), accessed 05/04/2016:  http://actionaid.org/sites/files/actionaid/mumbai_street_children_v3.pdf
  22. National Statistical Survey Organisation, Informal Sector and Conditions of Employment in India, (Government of India 2014), accessed 05/04/2016:  http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_report_557_26aug14.pdf
  23. Anuradha Nagaraj, 'India's booming cities built from "blood bricks" of bonded labourers', Thomson Reuters Foundation, March 11, 2016, accessed 03/04/2016:  http://news.trust.org/item/20160311000331-s5a8y/?source=dpagetopic
  24. On the caste system see for example, Gabriel Domínguez, “Modern Slavery Widespread in India”, Deutche Welle,  http://www.dw.com/en/modern-day-slavery-widespread-in-india/a-17180433
  25. 'Cleaning Human Waste: "Manual Scavenging," Caste, and Discrimination in India', Human Rights Watch, August 25, 2014, accessed 20/04/2016:  https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/08/25/cleaning-human-waste/manual-scavenging-caste-and-discrimination-india
  26. See for example, the report of Justice Verna, in the aftermath of a gang rape in Delhi that galvanised public opinion and led to reforms of laws: Justice Verna, Justice Seth, G Subramanium, Report of the Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law, (Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law, 2013), accessed 13/05/2016:  http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Justice%20verma%20committee/js%20verma%20committe%20report.pdf
  27. "Early and Child Marriage: A Landscape Analysis", Nirantar Trust and American Jewish World Service, last accessed April 6, 2016,  https://ajws.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/EarlyChildMarriageinIndia_LandscapeAnalysis_SUMMARY.pdf
  28. As above. 
  29. "Statistics on Labour Migration within the Asia Pacific", Red Cross, last accessed April 5, 2016,  http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Documents/Asia-pacific/201505/Map_Infographic.pdf
  30. See for example, Verité, Indian Workers in Domestic Textile Production and Middle East-Based Manufacturing, Infrastructure, and Construction, (Verité, 2010), accessed 06/04/2016: ; see also Amnesty International, Exploited Dreams: Dispatches from Indian migrant workers in Saudi Arabia, (Amnesty International, 2014), accessed 05/04/2016:  https://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/HELP%20WANTED_A%20Verite%CC%81%20Report_Indian%20Migrant%20Workers.pdf, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA20/025/2014/en/
  31. Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (as amended in 2016). 
  32. 'Govt readies domestic workers policy, proposes Rs 9,000 minimum pay with benefits', F.India, August 17, 2015, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.firstpost.com/india/govt-readies-domestic-workers-policy-proposes-rs-9000-minimum-pay-benefits-2395116.html
  33. Suraksha P., ''Khoya Paya':What do parents of missing children stand to gain and lose', Times of India, October 21, 2015, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Khoya-Paya-What-do-parents-of-missing-children-stand-to-gain-and-lose/articleshow/49483730.cms
  34. "India", Child Soldiers International, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.child-soldiers.org/country_reader.php?id=7
  35. Government of India, Response to 6 Monthly Update on Response to Modern Slavery - Case Study, (Walk Free Foundation, 2014), accessed 14/07/2014:  http://www.globalslaveryindex. org/country/india/
  36. "Statistics 2014", National Crime Records Bureau, last accessed October 21, 2015,  http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2014/Statistics%202014.pdf
  37. Government of India, "Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976", accessed 16/09/2014:  http://www.childlineindia.org.in/CP-CRDownloads/Bonded%20Labour%20System%20(Abolition)%20Act%201976%20and%20Rules.pdf
  38. Silvia Palomba, Sr. Namrata Joseph Cfmss, Modern Slavery in India: cases of bonded labour, (Franciscans International, 2012), p. 13, accessed 16/09/2014:  http://franciscansinternational.org/fileadmin/docs/Contemporary_Forms_of_Slavery/Modern_Slavery_in_India___Bonded_Labour_Cases_FINAL_17_Sept_2012.pdf
  39. "Abolition of Bonded Labour", National Human Rights Commission, last accessed September 16, 2014,  http://nhrc.nic.in/hrissues.htm#no1
  40. As above. 
  41. See Statistics 2014,National Crime Records Bureau, p. 60, Table 1.13,  http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2014/Statistics%202014.pdf
  42. Silvia Palomba, Sr. Namrata Joseph Cfmss, Modern Slavery in India: cases of bonded labour, (Franciscans International, 2012), p. 13, accessed 16/09/2014:  http://franciscansinternational.org/fileadmin/docs/Contemporary_Forms_of_Slavery/Modern_Slavery_in_India___Bonded_Labour_Cases_FINAL_17_Sept_2012.pdf
  43. "About Us", Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, last modified January 27, 2014,  http://stophumantrafficking-mha.nic.in/forms/Mainlinks.aspx?lid=7
  44. See for example, Himadri Ghosh, 'West Bengal: The Epicentre of India's Boom in Sexual Slavery', Scroll.in April 25, 2016, last accessed 08/04/2016 ; see also Report of the National Legal Services Authority Submitted to the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in the Writ Petition (C) No. 56/2004 titled Prajwala v. Union of India and Others, page 17. This also reflects personal communications.  http://scroll.in/article/807092/west-bengal-the-epicentre-of-indias-boom-in-sexual-slavery
  45. Victim compensation available for victims of human trafficking in some states – see Government of India, Response to 6 Monthly Update on Response to Modern Slavery - Case Study, (Walk Free Foundation, 2014), accessed 14/07/2014:  http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/india/
  46. Alex Woods, 'Justice Triumphs! Four Traffickers Convicted in India', HuffPost Impact, March 11, 2016, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/free-the-slaves/justice-triumphs-four-tra_b_9400846.html
  47. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Current Status of Victim Service Providers and Criminal Justice Actors in India on Anti-Human Trafficking, (United Nations, 2013), p. 36, accessed 14/07/2014:  http://www.unodc.org/documents/southasia//reports/Human_Trafficking-10-05-13.pdf
  48. See The Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Womenand Girls Act 1956, section 16,  https://www.wcwonline.org/pdf/lawcompilation/India_SUPPRESSION%20OF%20IMMORAL%20TRAFFIC%20IN%20WOMEN%20AND%20GIRLS%20AC.pdf
  49. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Current Status of Victim Service Providers and Criminal Justice Actors in India on Anti-Human Trafficking, (United Nations, 2013), p. 36, accessed 14/07/2014:  http://www.unodc.org/documents/southasia//reports/Human_Trafficking-10-05-13.pdf
  50. Government of India, Response to 6 Monthly Update on Response to Modern Slavery - Case Study, (Walk Free Foundation, 2014), accessed 14/07/2014,  http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/india/
  51. Press Information Legal, 'Memorandum of Understanding between India and Bahrain on Cooperation for Prevention of Human Trafficking especially trafficking in Women and Children', Ministry of Home Affairs, March 10, 2016, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://uphome.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/MoU.pdf
  52. Rina Chandran, 'India, Bahrain agree on action to curb human trafficking, help victims', Thomson Reuters Foundation, March 10, 2016, accessed 04/04/2016,  http://news.trust.org/item/20160310160022-ngwy5/
  53. Press Information Bureau, 'Memorandum of Understanding between India and Bahrain on Cooperation for Prevention of Human Trafficking especially trafficking in Women and Children',Ministry of Home Affairs, March 10, 2016, accessed 05/04/2016,  http://uphome.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/MoU.pdf
  54. "India Says Will Sign Accord with UAE to Stop Human Trafficking", The Economic Times, April 13, 2016, accessed 14/04/2016,  http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-says-will-sign-accord-with-uae-to-stop-human-trafficking/articleshow/51812864.cms?from=mdr
  55. In the Supreme Court of India Civil Original Jurisdiction Writ Petition (C) No. 56 of 2004 Prajwala… Petitioners vs Union of India and Ors… Respondents, Judgement, Justice Anil R Dave, December 9, 2015). 
  56. Bhanupriya Rao, 'Women in the Police Force- Numbers and Beyond', Factly, August 19, 2015,  https://factly.in/women-in-the-police-force-numbers-beyond/
  57. Elizabeth Donger and Jacqueline Bhabha, Is this Protection? Analyzing India's Approach to the Rescue and Reintegration of Children Trafficked for Labour Exploitation, (FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University, 2016), p. 12, accessed 05/04/2016:  https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2016/03/Is-this-Protection-Final.pdf
  58. Personal communication. 
  59. "Uttar Pradesh Population Census data 2011", Census 2011, last accessed 13/04/2016,  http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html
  60. "Industrial Development and Economic Growth in Uttar Pradesh", India Brand Equity Foundation, last accessed 06/04/2016:  http://www.ibef.org/states/uttar-pradesh-presentation
  61. "Table 162: Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line", Reserve Bank of India, September 16, 2015, accessed 06/04/2016: 
  62. Note the total number of Dalits is possibly much higher as Muslim and Christian Dalits are not included in these figures. 
  63. "India: Official Dalit Population Exceeds 200 Million", International Dalit Solidarity Network, May 29, 2013, accessed 03/04/2016:  http://idsn.org/india-official-dalit-population-exceeds-200-million/
  64. "Initiatives in Uttar Pradesh: Anti Human Trafficking", October 7, 2015, last accessed April 3, 2016,  http://stophumantrafficking-mha.nic.in/writereaddata/Uttar%20Pradesh.pptx
  65. "States bordering Nepal look to curb human trafficking post earthquake", Live Mint, June 18, 2015, last accessed April 6, 2016,  http://www.livemint.com/Politics/pH6yeE2kKjiesjnpTOuIJK/States-bordering-Nepal-looking-to-curb-human-trafficking-pos.html
  66. 'One in Five Child Labourers is from Uttar Pradesh', The Hindu, June 11, 2015, accessed 02/04/2016:  http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cry-releases-report-on-child-labourers-in-india/article7305797.ece
  67. As above. 
  68. "Census 2011", Ministry of Labour and Employment, last accessed April 2, 2016,  http://labour.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Divisions/childlabour/Census-2001%262011.pdf
  69. 'Indian Town Where Glass-Making is a Household Craft', Al Jazeera, February 13, 2015, accessed 02/04/2016:  http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/02/indian-town-glass-making-household-craft-150209200924438.html
  70. 'India: Official Dalit population exceeds 200 million', International Dalit Solidarity Network, May 29, 2013, accessed 02/04/2016:  http://idsn.org/india-official-dalit-population-exceeds-200-million/
  71. The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 
  72. Human Rights Watch, Cleaning Human Waste: "Manual Scavenging", Caste and Discrimination in India, (Human Rights Watch, 2014), accessed 18/03/2016:  https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/08/25/cleaning-human-waste/manual-scavenging-caste-and-discrimination-india
  73. Prachi Salve, 'India's 13 Million Child Brides, Their 6 Million Children', IndpaSpend, March 9, 2015, accessed 02/04/2016:  http://www.indiaspend.com/cover-story/indias-13-million-child-brides-their-6-million-children-71955
  74. Dean Nelson, 'Teenager exposes India's 'one month wives' sex tourism', The Telegraph, April 14, 2013, accessed 03/04/2016:  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9993453/Teenager-exposes-Indias-one-month-wives-sex-tourism.html
  75. Kamal Saksena, 'Combating Human Trafficking in Uttar Pradesh', Indian Police Service, accessed 04/04/2016:  http://uphome.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/AHTI.pdf
  76. "The Uttar Pradesh Victim Compensation Scheme", Government of India, last accessed April 4, 2016,  http://uphome.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/victim.PDF
  77. Kamal Saksena, 'Combating Human Trafficking in Uttar Pradesh', Indian Police Service, accessed 04/04/2016:  http://uphome.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/AHTI.pdf
  78. "Initiatives in Uttar Pradesh: Anti Human Trafficking", October 7, 2015, last accessed April 3, 2016,  http://stophumantrafficking-mha.nic.in/writereaddata/Uttar%20Pradesh.pptx
  79. "Operation Smile: Cracking the puzzle of missing children", India Today, November 17, 2014, accessed 03/03/2016:  http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/operation-smile-missing-children-ghaziabad-police/1/401187.html
  80. Kamal Saksena, 'Combating Human Trafficking in Uttar Pradesh', Indian Police Service, accessed 04/04/2016:  http://uphome.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/AHTI.pdf
  81. 'UP Government to Install CCTV Cameras to Check Human Trafficking', NDTV, June 11, 2015, accessed 04/04/2016:  http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/up-government-to-install-cctv-cameras-to-check-human-trafficking-770846
  82. "Bihar Population Census data 2011", Census 2011, accessed April 3, 2016; see also "Industrial Development and Economic Growth in Bihar", India Brand Equity Foundation, accessed April 3, 2016,  http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/bihar.html, http://www.ibef.org/states/bihar-presentation
  83. "Industrial Development and Economic Growth in Uttar Pradesh", India Brand Equity Foundation, last accessed 06/04/2016:  http://www.ibef.org/states/bihar-presentation
  84. Ginny Baumann, Rohit Dwivedi and Paras Jha, Modern Slavery Landscape in the State of Bihar, India, (The Global Fund to End Slavery, 2014), p. 28. 
  85. "Census of India 2011", Census 2011, last accessed April 3, 2016,  http://www.census2011.co.in/
  86. 'The Bahari Bihari: Story of five Bihar migrants and why they count', The Indian Express, November 8, 2015, last accessed April 3, 2016,  http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/the-bahari-bihari-story-of-five-bihar-migrants-and-why-they-count/
  87. Ginny Baumann, Rohit Dwivedi and Paras Jha, Modern Slavery Landscape in the State of Bihar, India, (The Global Fund to End Slavery, 2014), p. 28. 
  88. "Crimes against Persons Belonging to SCs/STc," National Crime Records Bureau, 2011. 
  89. Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, A report on crime against women in Bihar, (Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, 2011), accessed April 3, 2016,  http://www.rgics.org/test/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Crime-Against-Women-In-Bihar.pdf
  90. Ginny Baumann, Rohit Dwivedi and Paras Jha, Modern Slavery Landscape in the State of Bihar, India, (The Global Fund to End Slavery, 2014), p. 37. 
  91. '14 Minors Rescued from Jacket Factory', The Times of India, September 9, 2015, accessed 04/04/2016,  http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/14-minors-rescued-from-jacket-factory/articleshow/48879345.cms
  92. '16 children rescued from bangle-making unit in Jaipur', Hindustan Times, March 30, 2016, accessed 04/04/2016: ; see also Alok Pandey, 'Child Trafficking in Bihar: Villages Despair Over Lost Income', NDTV, January 31, 2015, accessed 04/05/2016:  http://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/16-children-rescued-from-bangle-making-unit-in-jaipur/story-K0pIYwEJmS0Z9cDJoA41TL.html, http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihars-sold-children-villages-despair-over-rescue-735884#Comments
  93. 'Child trafficking: 11 children rescued in Ludhiana', Hindustan Times, 7 May 2015, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/child-trafficking-11-children-rescued-in-ludhiana/story-6G8b4S4QHqngAEGIeXge2J.html
  94. 'Child Labourers from Bihar, UP rescued from Rajasthan factory', Business Standard, January 5, 2016, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/child-labourers-from-bihar-up-rescued-from-rajasthan-factory-116010500366_1.html
  95. 'Bengaluru: 8 Bihari Minors Rescued from Bonded Labor', India Today, February 2, 2016, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bengaluru-8-bihari-minors-rescued-from-bonded-labor/1/585338.html
  96. Ginny Baumann, Rohit Dwivedi and Paras Jha, Modern Slavery Landscape in the State of Bihar, India, (The Global Fund to End Slavery, 2014). 
  97. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Current Status of Victim Service Providers and Criminal Justice Actors in India on Anti Human Trafficking, United Nations, 2013), accessed 04/04/2016:  http://www.unodc.org/documents/southasia/reports/Human_Trafficking-10-05-13.pdf
  98. "Bihar launches operation against child trafficking", Yahoo, January 1, 2015, accessed 04/04/2016:  https://in.news.yahoo.com/bihar-launches-operation-against-child-trafficking-152404085.html
  99. "Maharashtra Population Census", Census 2011, last accessed April 4, 2016,  http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/maharashtra.html
  100. "Industrial Development and Economic Growth in Uttar Pradesh", India Brand Equity Foundation, last accessed 06/04/2016:  http://www.ibef.org/states/bihar-presentation
  101. "Maharashtra Population Census data 2011", Census 2011, last accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/maharashtra.html
  102. "Population of Mumbai", India Online Pages, last accessed April 5, 2016,  http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/mumbai-population.html
  103. Jason Burke, 'Few grieve for the passing of Mumbai's red-light district', The Guardian, December 23, 2014, last accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/22/time-running-out-mumbai-red-light-district-kamathipura
  104. Walk Free Foundation, Modern Slavery in Maharashtra: Understanding the problem and existing responses 2014 (draft), (Walk Free Foundation, 2015), p. 3, accessed 05/04/2016 
  105. Anu Anand, 'India's bride trafficking fuelled by skewed sex ratios', The Guardian, December 17, 2014, last accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/dec/17/india-bride-trafficking-foeticide
  106. Rina Chandran, 'Bonded labourers in India brick kilns slowly learn they have rights', Thomson Reuters Foundation, March 22, 2016, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://news.trust.org/item/20160322010257-wtcxt/
  107. Walk Free Foundation, Modern Slavery in Maharashtra: Understanding the problem and existing responses 2014 (draft), (Walk Free Foundation, 2015), p. 2, accessed 05/04/2016 
  108. Rina Chandran, 'Bonded labourers in India brick kilns slowly learn they have rights', Thomson Reuters Foundation, March 22, 2016, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://news.trust.org/item/20160322010257-wtcxt/
  109. J. Venkatesan, 'Court orders fresh, nationwide survey to free bonded labourers', The Hindu, October 16, 2012, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/court-orders-fresh-nationwide-survey-to-free-bonded-labourers/article4000135.ece
  110. As above.  http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/court-orders-fresh-nationwide-survey-to-free-bonded-labourers/article4000135.ece
  111. "Know Yours Rights Bonded Labour", National Human Rights Commission, last accessed April 5, 2016,  http://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/Publications/KYR%20Bonded%20Labour%20English.pdf
  112. Rina Chandran, 'Bonded labourers in India brick kilns slowly learn they have rights', Thomson Reuters Foundation, March 22, 2016, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://news.trust.org/item/20160322010257-wtcxt/
  113. Walk Free Foundation, Modern Slavery in Maharashtra: Understanding the problem and existing responses 2014 (draft), (Walk Free Foundation, 2015), p. 4, accessed 05/04/2016 
  114. Sushant Kulkarni, "Mathadi unions run amok as police ‘turn a blind eye'", The Indian Express, March 17, 2014, last accessed 05/04/2016:  http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/mathadi-unions-run-amok-as-police-turn-a-blind-eye/
  115. Walk Free Foundation, Modern Slavery in Maharashtra: Understanding the problem and existing responses 2014 (draft), (Walk Free Foundation, 2015), p. 3, accessed 05/04/2016 
  116. As above. 
  117. Surendra P Gangan, 'Now, Maharashtra domestic workers to get benefits of minimum wages act', Hindustan Times, August 29, 2013, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/now-maharashtra-domestic-workers-to-get-benefits-of-minimum-wages-act/story-W69wX4CrZVqMpuZBTEdN7H.html
  118. "Exceptional Work done by Anti Human Trafficking Units", Anti Human Trafficking Unit Maharashtra, last accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.icds-wcd.nic.in/trafficking/CAC%20pdf/Presentation%20by%20Maharastra%20Police%20AHTU.pdf
  119. As above.  http://www.icds-wcd.nic.in/trafficking/CAC%20pdf/Presentation%20by%20Maharastra%20Police%20AHTU.pdf
  120. Rohit Alok, 'No headway by Mumbai police in human trafficking cases', The Indian Express, January 31, 2016, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/no-headway-by-mumbai-police-in-human-trafficking-cases/
  121. As above.  http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/no-headway-by-mumbai-police-in-human-trafficking-cases/
  122. Shiv Sahay Singh, 'West Bengal, Maharashtra ink pact on victims of human trafficking', The Hindu, June 3, 2014, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/west-bengal-maharashtra-ink-pact-on-victims-of-trafficking/article6075890.ece
  123. As above.  http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/west-bengal-maharashtra-ink-pact-on-victims-of-trafficking/article6075890.ece
  124. Saurav Roy, 'Five states to jointly fight human trafficking', Hindustan Times, June 24, 2015, accessed 05/04/2016:  http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/five-states-to-jointly-fight-human-trafficking/story-q0LlwKeepv66Zk0GadAwEN.html

Download

  • Please help us monitor our impact by providing some basic information about your intended use.

  • This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

Request Access

  • Please help us monitor our impact by providing some basic information about your intended use.

  • This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.