Global Findings

In the 2016 GSI, we estimated that 45.8 million people are in some form of modern slavery in 167 countries

This estimate draws on data from random sample, nationally representative surveys conducted by Gallup.

Prevalence

What is the estimated prevalence of modern slavery country by country, and what is the absolute number by population?

The 2016 Global Slavery Index estimates that 45.8 million people are subject to some form of modern slavery in the world today. The Index presents a ranking of 167 countries based on the proportion of the population that is estimated to be in modern slavery.

Global Findings of Prevalence

45.8m

Estimate number enslaved

58%

Of those living in slavery

are in 5 countries

* Based on nationally representative Gallup survey data

The countries with the highest estimated prevalence of modern slavery by the proportion of their population are North Korea, Uzbekistan, Cambodia, India, and Qatar. In North Korea, there is pervasive evidence that government-sanctioned forced labour occurs in an extensive system of prison labour camps while North Korean women are subjected to forced marriage and commercial sexual exploitation in China and other neighbouring states. In Uzbekistan, the government continues to subject its citizens to forced labour in the annual cotton harvest.

Those countries with the highest absolute numbers of people in modern slavery are India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Uzbekistan. Several of these countries provide the low-cost labour that produces consumer goods for markets in Western Europe, Japan, North America and Australia.

The countries with the lowest estimated prevalence of modern slavery by the proportion of their population are Luxembourg, Ireland, Norway, Denmark, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden and Belgium, the United States and Canada, and Australia and New Zealand. These countries generally have more economic wealth, score higher on government response, have low levels of conflict, and are politically stable with a willingness to combat modern slavery.

View Table Estimated proportion of population in modern slavery by country

Rank	Country	Estimated percent of population in modern slavery	Estimated number in modern slavery	Population
1	North Korea	4.373	1,100,000	25,155,000
2	Uzbekistan	3.973	1,236,600	31,125,000
3	Cambodia	1.648	256,800	15,578,000
4	India	1.400	18,354,700	1,311,051,000
5	Qatar	1.356	30,300	2,235,000
6	Pakistan	1.130	2,134,900	188,925,000
6	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1.130	873,100	77,267,000
6	Sudan	1.130	454,700	40,235,000
6	Iraq	1.130	403,800	35,730,000
6	Afghanistan	1.130	367,600	32,527,000
6	Yemen	1.130	303,200	26,832,000
6	Syria	1.130	257,300	22,769,000
6	South Sudan	1.130	139,400	12,340,000
6	Somalia	1.130	121,900	10,787,000
6	Libya	1.130	70,900	6,278,000
6	Central African Republic	1.130	55,400	4,900,000
7	Mauritania	1.058	43,000	4,068,000
8	Haiti	0.995	106,600	10,711,000
8	Dominican Republic	0.995	104,800	10,528,000
9	Myanmar	0.956	515,100	53,897,000
10	Bangladesh	0.951	1,531,300	160,996,000
11	Gambia	0.878	17,500	1,991,000
12	Guatemala	0.845	138,100	16,343,000
13	Nepal	0.823	234,600	28,514,000
14	Brunei	0.805	3,400	423,000
15	Tunisia	0.766	85,000	11,102,000
16	Russia	0.732	1,048,500	143,335,000
17	Madagascar	0.674	163,400	24,235,000
17	Malawi	0.674	116,100	17,215,000
17	Zambia	0.674	109,300	16,212,000
17	Sierra Leone	0.674	43,500	6,453,000
17	Eritrea	0.674	35,300	5,228,000
17	Namibia	0.674	16,600	2,459,000
17	Lesotho	0.674	14,400	2,135,000
17	Swaziland	0.674	8,700	1,287,000
18	Colombia	0.639	308,200	48,229,000
18	Morocco	0.639	219,700	34,378,000
18	Peru	0.639	200,500	31,377,000
18	Venezuela	0.639	198,800	31,108,000
18	Jordan	0.639	42,900	6,718,000
18	Macedonia	0.639	13,300	2,078,000
19	Tanzania	0.638	341,400	53,470,000
19	Angola	0.638	159,700	25,022,000
19	Ivory Coast	0.638	144,900	22,702,000
19	Niger	0.638	127,000	19,899,000
19	Burkina Faso	0.638	115,600	18,106,000
19	Zimbabwe	0.638	99,600	15,603,000
19	Chad	0.638	89,600	14,037,000
19	Guinea	0.638	80,500	12,609,000
19	Rwanda	0.638	74,100	11,610,000
19	Burundi	0.638	71,400	11,179,000
19	Tajikistan	0.638	54,100	8,482,000
19	Togo	0.638	46,600	7,305,000
19	Republic of the Congo	0.638	29,500	4,620,000
19	Liberia	0.638	28,700	4,503,000
20	Egypt	0.626	572,900	91,508,000
20	Iran	0.626	495,300	79,109,000
20	Turkey	0.626	480,300	76,721,000
20	Thailand	0.626	425,500	67,959,000
20	Algeria	0.626	248,300	39,667,000
20	Uganda	0.626	244,400	39,032,000
20	Cameroon	0.626	146,100	23,344,000
20	Mali	0.626	110,200	17,600,000
20	Lebanon	0.626	28,700	4,591,000
21	Papua New Guinea	0.620	47,200	7,619,000
21	Guinea-Bissau	0.620	11,400	1,844,000
21	Guyana	0.620	4,800	767,000
22	Mozambique	0.520	145,600	27,978,000
22	Senegal	0.520	78,700	15,129,000
22	Botswana	0.520	11,800	2,262,000
22	Djibouti	0.520	4,600	888,000
23	Nigeria	0.481	875,500	182,202,000
24	Poland	0.476	181,100	38,025,000
25	Ukraine	0.467	210,400	45,064,000
25	Kazakhstan	0.467	81,600	17,488,000
25	Azerbaijan	0.467	45,000	9,635,000
25	Belarus	0.467	44,600	9,550,000
25	Kyrgyzstan	0.467	27,700	5,934,000
25	Georgia	0.467	20,900	4,487,000
25	Kuwait	0.467	18,200	3,892,000
25	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.467	17,800	3,810,000
25	Armenia	0.467	14,100	3,018,000
25	Bahrain	0.467	6,400	1,377,000
26	Suriname	0.453	2,500	543,000
26	Cape Verde	0.453	2,400	521,000
27	South Africa	0.453	248,700	54,954,000
27	Trinidad and Tobago	0.453	6,200	1,360,000
28	Bolivia	0.437	46,900	10,725,000
29	Malaysia	0.425	128,800	30,331,000
30	Ethiopia	0.414	411,600	99,391,000
31	Kenya	0.410	188,800	46,050,000
32	South Korea	0.404	204,900	50,672,000
32	Argentina	0.404	175,500	43,417,000
32	Romania	0.404	80,200	19,849,000
32	Ecuador	0.404	65,300	16,144,000
32	Greece	0.404	44,200	10,942,000
32	Czech Republic	0.404	42,600	10,549,000
32	United Arab Emirates	0.404	37,000	9,157,000
32	Hong Kong, SAR China	0.404	29,500	7,287,000
32	Bulgaria	0.404	29,000	7,176,000
32	Serbia	0.404	28,700	7,087,000
32	Paraguay	0.404	26,800	6,639,000
32	Nicaragua	0.404	24,600	6,082,000
32	Costa Rica	0.404	19,400	4,808,000
32	Croatia	0.404	17,100	4,225,000
32	Panama	0.404	15,900	3,929,000
32	Lithuania	0.404	11,800	2,920,000
32	Latvia	0.404	8,000	1,979,000
32	Estonia	0.404	5,300	1,310,000
32	Cyprus	0.404	4,700	1,165,000
32	Montenegro	0.404	2,500	622,000
33	Philippines	0.398	401,000	100,699,000
34	Ghana	0.377	103,300	27,410,000
35	Cuba	0.332	37,800	11,390,000
36	Mexico	0.297	376,800	127,017,000
37	Benin	0.295	32,100	10,880,000
37	Honduras	0.295	23,800	8,075,000
37	Laos	0.295	20,000	6,802,000
37	El Salvador	0.295	18,100	6,127,000
37	Turkmenistan	0.295	15,800	5,374,000
37	Oman	0.295	13,200	4,491,000
37	Moldova	0.295	10,400	3,538,000
37	Mongolia	0.295	8,700	2,959,000
37	Albania	0.295	8,600	2,906,000
37	Kosovo	0.295	5,400	1,845,000
37	Gabon	0.295	5,100	1,725,000
37	Equatorial Guinea	0.295	2,500	845,000
38	Saudi Arabia	0.292	92,100	31,540,000
39	Indonesia	0.286	736,100	257,564,000
39	Timor-Leste	0.286	3,500	1,235,000
40	China	0.247	3,388,400	1,371,738,000
41	Japan	0.228	290,200	127,046,000
41	Taiwan	0.228	53,600	23,476,640
41	Hungary	0.228	22,500	9,836,000
41	Slovakia	0.228	12,400	5,426,000
41	Uruguay	0.228	7,800	3,432,000
41	Slovenia	0.228	4,700	2,066,000
42	Sri Lanka	0.221	45,900	20,781,000
43	Jamaica	0.212	5,800	2,734,000
43	Barbados	0.212	600	284,000
44	Italy	0.211	129,600	61,373,000
45	Singapore	0.165	9,200	5,563,000
45	Mauritius	0.165	2,100	1,265,000
46	Chile	0.154	27,700	17,948,000
47	Vietnam	0.152	139,300	91,519,000
48	Israel	0.140	11,600	8,343,000
49	Portugal	0.123	12,800	10,384,000
49	Finland	0.123	6,700	5,485,000
49	Iceland	0.123	400	331,000
50	Netherlands	0.104	17,500	16,896,000
51	Brazil	0.078	161,100	207,848,000
52	United States	0.018	57,700	320,821,000
52	Germany	0.018	14,500	80,738,000
52	France	0.018	12,000	66,389,000
52	United Kingdom	0.018	11,700	64,856,000
52	Spain	0.018	8,400	46,513,000
52	Canada	0.018	6,500	35,871,000
52	Australia	0.018	4,300	23,772,000
52	Belgium	0.018	2,000	11,268,000
52	Sweden	0.018	1,800	9,754,000
52	Austria	0.018	1,500	8,566,000
52	Switzerland	0.018	1,500	8,267,000
52	Denmark	0.018	1,000	5,660,000
52	Norway	0.018	900	5,188,000
52	Ireland	0.018	800	4,659,000
52	New Zealand	0.018	800	4,552,000
52	Luxembourg	0.018	100	562,000
Rank	Country	Estimated percent of population in modern slavery	Estimated number in modern slavery	Population

* Indicates nationally-representative Gallup survey data or data from multiple systems estimation was available for this country. For surveys, this includes Brazil, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Chile, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, and Vietnam. For MSE, this included the Netherlands and United Kingdom.

View Table Absolute number of people in modern slavery by country

Rank	Country	Estimated percent of population in modern slavery	Estimated number in modern slavery
1	India	1.400	18,354,700
2	China	0.247	3,388,400
3	Pakistan	1.130	2,134,900
4	Bangladesh	0.951	1,531,300
5	Uzbekistan	3.973	1,236,600
6	North Korea	4.373	1,100,000
7	Russia	0.732	1,048,500
8	Nigeria	0.481	875,500
9	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1.130	873,100
10	Indonesia	0.286	736,100
11	Egypt	0.626	572,900
12	Myanmar	0.956	515,100
13	Iran	0.626	495,300
14	Turkey	0.626	480,300
15	Sudan	1.130	454,700
16	Thailand	0.626	425,500
17	Ethiopia	0.414	411,600
18	Iraq	1.130	403,800
19	Philippines	0.398	401,000
20	Mexico	0.297	376,800
21	Afghanistan	1.130	367,600
22	Tanzania	0.638	341,400
23	Colombia	0.639	308,200
24	Yemen	1.130	303,200
25	Japan	0.228	290,200
26	Syria	1.130	257,300
27	Cambodia	1.648	256,800
28	South Africa	0.453	248,700
29	Algeria	0.626	248,300
30	Uganda	0.626	244,400
31	Nepal	0.823	234,600
32	Morocco	0.639	219,700
33	Ukraine	0.467	210,400
34	South Korea	0.404	204,900
35	Peru	0.639	200,500
36	Venezuela	0.639	198,800
37	Kenya	0.410	188,800
38	Poland	0.476	181,100
39	Argentina	0.404	175,500
40	Madagascar	0.674	163,400
41	Brazil	0.078	161,100
42	Angola	0.638	159,700
43	Cameroon	0.626	146,100
44	Mozambique	0.520	145,600
45	Ivory Coast	0.638	144,900
46	South Sudan	1.130	139,400
47	Vietnam	0.152	139,300
48	Guatemala	0.845	138,100
49	Italy	0.211	129,600
50	Malaysia	0.425	128,800
51	Niger	0.638	127,000
52	Somalia	1.130	121,900
53	Malawi	0.674	116,100
54	Burkina Faso	0.638	115,600
55	Mali	0.626	110,200
56	Zambia	0.674	109,300
57	Haiti	0.995	106,600
58	Dominican Republic	0.995	104,800
59	Ghana	0.377	103,300
60	Zimbabwe	0.638	99,600
61	Saudi Arabia	0.292	92,100
62	Chad	0.638	89,600
63	Tunisia	0.766	85,000
64	Kazakhstan	0.467	81,600
65	Guinea	0.638	80,500
66	Romania	0.404	80,200
67	Senegal	0.520	78,700
68	Rwanda	0.638	74,100
69	Burundi	0.638	71,400
70	Libya	1.130	70,900
71	Ecuador	0.404	65,300
72	United States	0.018	57,700
73	Central African Republic	1.130	55,400
74	Tajikistan	0.638	54,100
75	Taiwan	0.228	53,600
76	Papua New Guinea	0.620	47,200
77	Bolivia	0.437	46,900
78	Togo	0.638	46,600
79	Sri Lanka	0.221	45,900
80	Azerbaijan	0.467	45,000
81	Belarus	0.467	44,600
82	Greece	0.404	44,200
83	Sierra Leone	0.674	43,500
84	Mauritania	1.058	43,000
85	Jordan	0.639	42,900
86	Czech Republic	0.404	42,600
87	Cuba	0.332	37,800
88	United Arab Emirates	0.404	37,000
89	Eritrea	0.674	35,300
90	Benin	0.295	32,100
91	Qatar	1.356	30,300
92	Republic of the Congo	0.638	29,500
93	Hong Kong, SAR China	0.404	29,500
94	Bulgaria	0.404	29,000
95	Liberia	0.638	28,700
96	Lebanon	0.626	28,700
97	Serbia	0.404	28,700
98	Chile	0.154	27,700
99	Kyrgyzstan	0.467	27,700
100	Israel	0.140	11,600
101	Paraguay	0.404	26,800
102	Nicaragua	0.404	24,600
103	Honduras	0.295	23,800
104	Hungary	0.228	22,500
105	Georgia	0.467	20,900
106	Laos	0.295	20,000
107	Costa Rica	0.404	19,400
108	Kuwait	0.467	18,200
109	El Salvador	0.295	18,100
110	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.467	17,800
111	Netherlands	0.104	17,500
112	Gambia	0.878	17,500
113	Croatia	0.404	17,100
114	Namibia	0.674	16,600
115	Panama	0.404	15,900
116	Turkmenistan	0.295	15,800
117	Germany	0.018	14,500
118	Lesotho	0.674	14,400
119	Armenia	0.467	14,100
120	Macedonia	0.639	13,300
121	Oman	0.295	13,200
122	Portugal	0.123	12,800
123	Slovakia	0.228	12,400
124	France	0.018	12,000
125	Lithuania	0.404	11,800
126	Botswana	0.520	11,800
127	United Kingdom	0.018	11,700
128	Guinea-Bissau	0.620	11,400
129	Moldova	0.295	10,400
130	Singapore	0.165	9,200
131	Mongolia	0.295	8,700
132	Swaziland	0.674	8,700
133	Albania	0.295	8,600
134	Spain	0.018	8,400
135	Latvia	0.404	8,000
136	Uruguay	0.228	7,800
137	Finland	0.123	6,700
138	Canada	0.018	6,500
139	Bahrain	0.467	6,400
140	Trinidad and Tobago	0.453	6,200
141	Jamaica	0.212	5,800
142	Kosovo	0.295	5,400
143	Estonia	0.404	5,300
144	Gabon	0.295	5,100
145	Guyana	0.620	4,800
146	Slovenia	0.228	4,700
147	Cyprus	0.404	4,700
148	Djibouti	0.520	4,600
149	Australia	0.018	4,300
150	Timor-Leste	0.286	3,500
151	Brunei	0.805	3,400
152	Montenegro	0.404	2,500
153	Equatorial Guinea	0.295	2,500
154	Suriname	0.453	2,500
155	Cape Verde	0.453	2,400
156	Mauritius	0.165	2,100
157	Belgium	0.018	2,000
158	Sweden	0.018	1,800
159	Austria	0.018	1,500
160	Switzerland	0.018	1,500
161	Denmark	0.018	1,000
162	Norway	0.018	900
163	Ireland	0.018	800
164	New Zealand	0.018	800
165	Barbados	0.212	600
166	Iceland	0.123	400
167	Luxembourg	0.018	100
Rank	Country	Estimated percent of population in modern slavery	Estimated number in modern slavery

* Indicates nationally-representative Gallup survey data or data from multiple systems estimation was available for this country.

Uzbekistan is the world’s sixth largest producer of cotton. During the annual cotton harvest, citizens are subjected to statesanctioned forced labour. Monitoring by international organisations has meant the government has begun to take steps to improve the situation, however, reports from the 2015 harvest estimate that over one million people were forced to work.

Photo credit, Simon Buxton/Anti-Slavery International

Vulnerability

What factors explain or predict the prevalence of modern slavery?

Vulnerability to modern slavery is affected by a complex interaction of factors related to the presence or absence of protection and respect for rights, physical safety and security, access to the necessities of life such as food, water and health care, and patterns of migration, displacement and conflict. Statistical testing grouped 24 measures of vulnerability into four dimensions covering: 1) civil and political protections, 2) social health and economic rights, 3) personal security, and 4) refugee populations and conflict.

Dimension 1 Civil and Political Protections	Dimension 2 Social health and economic rights	Dimension 3 Personal security	Dimension 4 Refugee populations and conflict
Confidence in judical system	Financial inclusion: borrowed any money	Financial inclusion: availability of emergency funds	Impact of terrorism
Political instability	Financial inclusion: received wages	Violent crime	Internal conflict
Weapons access	Cell phone subscriptions	Women's physical security	Refugees resident
Discrimination: sexuality	Social safety net	GINI coefficient
Displaced persons	Undernourishment	Discrimination: intellectual disability
The Index 2016 Government Response	Tuberculosis	Discrimination: immigrants
Political rights measure	Water improved access	Discrimination: minorities

View Table Measures of vulnerability to modern slavery by country

Country	Civil & Political Protections	Social, Health, & Economic Rights	Personal Security	Refugees & Conflict	Mean
Afghanistan	83.00	47.39	53.31	84.55	67.06
Albania	52.88	29.58	42.36	18.25	35.77
Algeria	51.03	28.10	47.02	51.46	44.40
Angola	56.32	49.54	45.95	25.02	44.21
Argentina	35.63	18.50	34.04	25.36	28.38
Armenia	53.66	27.38	42.63	24.90	37.14
Australia	15.14	19.85	17.45	35.49	21.98
Austria	21.47	18.14	14.05	33.14	21.70
Azerbaijan	68.90	28.23	28.17	23.05	37.09
Bahrain	54.41	33.14	41.45	31.26	40.07
Bangladesh	46.78	46.04	33.63	50.02	44.12
Barbados	39.70	15.41	67.00	1.00	30.78
Belarus	58.41	20.48	35.88	23.80	34.64
Belgium	25.42	19.83	24.03	31.28	25.14
Benin	46.95	36.52	39.70	14.90	34.52
Bolivia	49.71	32.08	38.69	16.57	34.26
Bosnia and Herzegovina	58.88	25.21	32.99	26.43	35.88
Botswana	37.25	42.82	46.38	19.21	36.42
Brazil	37.98	20.46	45.88	30.74	33.77
Brunei	60.78	30.99	99.99	63.93	63.93
Bulgaria	40.41	20.54	33.79	30.50	31.31
Burkina Faso	59.55	40.77	40.73	25.98	41.76
Burundi	64.08	52.22	51.40	37.17	51.22
Cambodia	53.68	42.96	57.40	12.00	41.51
Cameroon	61.31	43.37	47.95	52.51	51.29
Canada	17.59	23.64	15.48	36.11	23.21
Cape Verde	33.33	20.30	55.40	36.34	36.34
Central African Republic	83.67	48.67	85.43	62.21	70.00
Chad	70.47	49.96	47.98	40.94	52.34
Chile	31.23	19.73	34.26	31.37	29.15
China	55.12	26.90	43.84	52.78	44.66
Colombia	51.72	26.54	46.78	43.49	42.13
Costa Rica	36.35	24.40	33.82	23.97	29.64
Croatia	36.51	25.29	36.88	16.54	28.80
Cuba	53.60	26.60	34.00	13.99	32.05
Cyprus	27.60	23.25	28.95	30.90	27.67
Czech Republic	27.22	19.38	31.55	27.78	26.48
Democratic Republic of the Congo	78.42	56.33	56.72	82.43	68.48
Denmark	15.68	18.53	11.06	23.92	17.30
Djibouti	49.13	43.61	55.25	32.42	45.10
Dominican Republic	47.97	33.84	46.38	24.33	38.13
Ecuador	43.69	29.23	37.74	29.98	35.16
Egypt	51.25	27.90	62.96	54.85	49.24
El Salvador	49.88	29.58	53.68	8.78	35.48
Equatorial Guinea	56.66	40.62	46.38	1.00	36.16
Eritrea	59.44	51.05	62.88	24.82	49.55
Estonia	35.94	16.87	39.31	11.14	25.81
Ethiopia	59.75	54.68	34.16	59.77	52.09
Finland	22.07	19.69	19.08	22.66	20.87
France	26.13	20.27	18.01	44.77	27.30
Gabon	51.58	31.51	42.38	16.97	35.61
Gambia	59.30	29.27	74.18	22.63	46.35
Georgia	51.00	28.43	35.95	24.42	34.95
Germany	23.61	19.97	20.81	40.76	26.29
Ghana	51.89	38.42	47.45	28.26	41.51
Greece	37.64	22.74	38.10	38.77	34.31
Guatemala	48.75	34.25	57.12	20.33	40.11
Guinea	66.89	41.58	52.68	28.67	47.45
Guinea-Bissau	62.08	40.50	70.25	22.47	48.82
Guyana	39.35	25.57	83.50	5.81	38.56
Haiti	57.68	56.20	58.13	2.60	43.65
Honduras	53.76	34.82	60.12	16.38	41.27
Hong Kong, SAR China	42.28	17.55	21.44	35.65	29.23
Hungary	23.66	20.69	35.56	23.30	25.80
Iceland	24.88	12.22	20.43	15.03	18.14
India	37.07	36.68	43.88	87.78	51.35
Indonesia	39.15	43.35	50.38	36.01	42.22
Iran	70.71	32.99	48.60	51.44	50.94
Iraq	71.22	44.91	58.04	81.13	63.83
Ireland	19.07	22.62	20.21	33.13	23.76
Israel	33.66	23.67	38.28	51.85	36.87
Italy	36.39	21.50	33.62	38.56	32.52
Ivory Coast	62.07	38.72	46.22	33.45	45.11
Jamaica	43.21	30.91	46.13	8.68	32.24
Japan	25.23	19.09	22.16	19.13	21.40
Jordan	48.39	27.97	54.16	37.73	42.06
Kazakhstan	59.05	22.08	28.19	22.12	32.86
Kenya	54.53	52.84	46.75	72.28	56.60
Kosovo	55.11	39.25	42.13	15.94	38.11
Kuwait	59.29	27.97	41.30	15.89	36.11
Kyrgyzstan	54.16	28.33	36.37	21.88	35.18
Laos	56.64	34.01	53.98	1.19	36.45
Latvia	41.95	20.25	33.22	12.95	27.09
Lebanon	55.39	29.32	50.98	58.00	48.42
Lesotho	40.33	52.26	68.23	9.58	42.60
Liberia	57.93	44.62	44.45	29.43	44.11
Libya	77.85	22.99	81.44	53.21	58.87
Lithuania	35.09	20.58	34.10	16.94	26.68
Luxembourg	22.99	18.64	9.76	49.43	25.20
Macedonia	49.81	24.38	44.06	24.11	35.59
Madagascar	50.37	50.87	52.86	15.99	42.52
Malawi	54.63	56.74	47.78	21.06	45.05
Malaysia	34.90	32.43	46.39	40.33	38.51
Mali	64.04	34.08	31.69	57.41	46.80
Mauritania	65.96	40.54	49.85	30.74	46.77
Mauritius	29.24	24.49	26.58	1.00	20.33
Mexico	43.03	30.36	52.84	61.85	47.02
Moldova	47.52	28.20	38.04	14.41	32.04
Mongolia	39.22	36.74	40.87	3.54	30.09
Montenegro	41.68	22.15	38.08	23.45	31.34
Morocco	55.83	18.58	56.08	22.18	38.17
Mozambique	39.91	48.46	54.40	35.86	44.65
Myanmar	57.81	50.11	50.53	66.99	56.36
Namibia	39.00	43.68	51.42	18.27	38.09
Nepal	42.30	43.22	34.74	41.21	40.37
Netherlands	17.60	17.86	21.64	28.58	21.42
New Zealand	13.31	22.24	16.09	21.51	18.29
Nicaragua	43.53	31.92	39.79	23.67	34.73
Niger	57.70	48.17	42.13	40.38	47.10
Nigeria	60.94	47.84	59.76	80.84	62.34
North Korea	71.20	48.27	62.88	1.00	45.84
Norway	17.88	19.90	14.85	34.90	21.88
Oman	57.65	21.03	62.88	12.60	38.54
Pakistan	58.40	41.98	52.70	96.79	62.47
Panama	37.46	29.14	46.18	23.55	34.08
Papua New Guinea	50.12	62.85	99.99	23.10	59.02
Paraguay	46.02	21.22	38.92	26.14	33.07
Peru	43.85	31.98	44.81	30.33	37.74
Philippines	44.76	39.62	52.34	53.95	47.67
Poland	34.76	19.50	29.07	23.33	26.66
Portugal	21.50	22.62	16.06	16.89	19.27
Qatar	48.79	15.26	50.50	12.30	31.71
Republic of the Congo	65.17	44.69	52.43	28.94	47.81
Romania	39.26	25.86	31.83	18.74	28.92
Russia	57.21	18.47	40.66	57.47	43.45
Rwanda	55.44	47.65	46.23	42.00	47.83
Saudi Arabia	64.94	30.92	37.20	28.84	40.47
Senegal	44.97	42.31	36.96	35.48	39.93
Serbia	47.80	21.75	30.24	27.05	31.71
Sierra Leone	50.57	53.29	41.72	17.70	40.82
Singapore	29.85	22.11	20.58	1.00	18.39
Slovakia	32.47	20.94	31.60	16.42	25.36
Slovenia	21.82	22.08	28.50	13.72	21.53
Somalia	73.03	64.82	55.97	74.46	67.07
South Africa	40.27	43.06	58.30	41.84	45.87
South Korea	38.20	34.64	28.98	17.32	29.78
South Sudan	74.73	50.70	60.80	76.15	65.59
Spain	25.14	23.19	18.65	29.67	24.16
Sri Lanka	47.01	35.12	31.82	31.08	36.26
Sudan	80.64	54.12	46.18	85.04	66.49
Suriname	36.66	12.35	67.00	38.67	38.67
Swaziland	57.69	53.88	67.33	15.39	48.57
Sweden	21.39	19.70	10.84	38.60	22.63
Switzerland	16.93	16.60	13.69	30.98	19.55
Syria	95.67	35.93	60.97	72.98	66.39
Taiwan	34.91	33.38	22.34	1.76	23.09
Tajikistan	62.85	37.62	41.68	27.53	42.42
Tanzania	51.66	54.67	47.66	40.46	48.61
Thailand	49.23	28.62	48.97	63.33	47.54
Timor-Leste	38.88	48.07	68.55	1.00	39.13
Togo	64.78	39.82	47.78	24.09	44.12
Trinidad and Tobago	35.88	14.40	67.00	16.26	33.38
Tunisia	40.01	25.97	42.84	28.91	34.43
Turkey	45.47	29.38	44.11	57.55	44.13
Turkmenistan	68.14	28.65	43.34	9.22	37.34
Uganda	54.89	52.18	39.45	48.73	48.81
Ukraine	61.97	21.39	35.80	43.41	40.64
United Arab Emirates	41.71	22.64	30.75	18.36	28.37
United Kingdom	18.45	20.37	21.83	46.50	26.79
United States	20.42	23.51	20.96	45.10	27.50
Uruguay	26.65	20.69	28.36	13.89	22.40
Uzbekistan	74.62	28.35	32.09	12.14	36.80
Venezuela	58.82	27.75	55.42	35.94	44.48
Vietnam	51.19	29.94	35.22	1.00	29.34
Yemen	75.01	51.30	54.67	62.28	60.81
Zambia	45.10	58.76	50.03	24.46	44.59
Zimbabwe	60.28	52.25	48.92	26.78	47.06
Country	Civil & Political Protections	Social, Health, & Economic Rights	Personal Security	Refugees & Conflict	Mean

* Note high presence of missing data for these countries. These results should be interpreted with caution. These countries have less than 50 percent of data available on Dimensions 3 and 4.

From the 'Less than Human' series. A large cargo boat is seen in Songkla Port, Thailand. 09/03/2014. Photographer Chris Kelly worked undercover to expose the link between prawns being sold in big name supermarkets, and the slaves who live and work on Thai fishing boats miles out to sea.

Photo credit, Chris Kelly

Government Response

How are governments tackling modern slavery?

In 2016, 161 countries are included in our assessment of government responses. Due to the ongoing conflict and extreme disruption to government function, we have not included ratings for Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Syria or Yemen.

Governments Taking Action

Most Action

Of the 161 countries:

124 have criminalised human trafficking in line with the UN Trafficking Protocol.
96 have National Action Plans (NAPs) to coordinate the government’s response.
150 governments provide some form of service for victims of modern slavery.

The governments that have the strongest response to modern slavery are The Netherlands, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Australia, Portugal, Croatia, Spain, Belgium and Norway. These countries are characterised by strong political will, sufficient resources, and a strong civil society that holds governments to account.

When correlated against GDP (PPP), countries which have a relatively strong response despite fewer resources are the Philippines, Brazil, Georgia, Jamaica, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Moldova, Albania and Serbia.

Those governments taking the least action to combat modern slavery are North Korea, Iran, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Hong Kong, Central African Republic, Papua New Guinea, Guinea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan. Some of these countries are characterised by government complicity, low levels of political will, or high levels of conflict and political instability.

Some wealthier and more stable countries have also taken little action in combating modern slavery. When correlated against GDP (PPP), these countries include Qatar, Singapore, Kuwait, Brunei, Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman, Japan and South Korea.

In 2016, the Walk Free Foundation has included a measure on state-sanctioned forced labour in the government response rating. State-sanctioned forced labour is where the government forces the population, or segments of it, to work under the threat of penalty, and for which the person or population has not offered himself voluntarily. The countries that have systematically forced their population to labour include Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Belarus, China, Eritrea, North Korea, Russia, Swaziland and Vietnam.

View Table Rank of countries by government response

Credit Rating	Country	Survivors Supported	Criminal Justice	Coordination & Accountability	Addressing Risk	Government & Business	Total Score
A	Netherlands	74.63	79.07	87.50	99.99	0.00	78.43
BBB*	United States	96.30	79.63	68.75	78.57	75.00	82.84
BBB	United Kingdom	74.63	79.07	43.75	69.05	37.50	67.12
BBB	Sweden	72.22	62.96	75.00	73.81	0.00	65.87
BBB	Australia	64.44	81.85	56.25	69.05	25.00	65.34
BBB	Portugal	58.52	73.52	68.75	83.33	0.00	65.22
BBB	Croatia	69.63	70.19	56.25	76.19	0.00	64.50
BBB	Spain	77.04	64.07	50.00	73.81	0.00	64.09
BBB	Belgium	71.30	50.74	75.00	71.43	0.00	62.36
BBB	Norway	65.93	82.41	37.50	69.05	0.00	61.47
BBB	Austria	57.96	59.07	68.75	76.19	0.00	60.16
BB	Argentina	49.26	59.81	87.50	78.57	0.00	59.79
BB	Germany	61.67	64.81	43.75	78.57	0.00	59.60
BB	Denmark	59.81	68.52	50.00	69.05	0.00	58.31
BB	Montenegro	69.63	60.56	56.25	59.52	0.00	58.27
BB	Canada	57.41	68.52	62.50	64.29	0.00	58.13
BB	Georgia	67.59	58.70	56.25	59.52	0.00	57.22
BB	Hungary	59.81	41.85	68.75	76.19	0.00	57.06
BB	Brazil	45.56	34.44	87.50	78.57	37.50	56.85
BB	France	52.59	76.85	43.75	69.05	0.00	55.88
BB	New Zealand	53.70	47.96	43.75	88.10	0.00	55.81
BB	Ireland	69.63	71.30	18.75	61.90	0.00	55.81
BB	Switzerland	60.19	64.81	25.00	73.81	0.00	55.26
BB	Macedonia	70.37	60.19	62.50	42.86	0.00	55.16
BB	Finland	52.78	62.04	56.25	66.67	0.00	54.96
BB	Slovenia	52.04	51.30	56.25	76.19	0.00	54.80
BB	Serbia	61.67	76.67	31.25	54.76	0.00	54.40
BB	Albania	73.70	46.30	43.75	61.90	0.00	54.34
BB	Philippines	46.48	62.78	50.00	78.57	0.00	54.18
BB	Poland	46.11	47.96	68.75	76.19	0.00	53.97
BB	Latvia	58.89	50.19	43.75	71.43	0.00	53.79
BB	Czech Republic	54.81	50.74	56.25	66.67	0.00	53.19
BB	Jamaica	47.78	61.85	81.25	54.76	0.00	52.91
BB	Mexico	45.00	63.15	50.00	73.81	0.00	52.59
BB	Dominican Republic	49.26	59.07	62.50	64.29	0.00	52.49
BB	Moldova	55.56	57.59	50.00	64.29	0.00	52.41
BB	Lithuania	59.26	54.81	25.00	73.81	0.00	51.82
BB	Costa Rica	56.48	45.56	37.50	71.43	0.00	51.13
BB	Cyprus	54.26	74.44	18.75	61.90	0.00	50.55
B	United Arab Emirates	63.89	36.67	56.25	57.14	0.00	49.71
B	Nicaragua	44.07	66.11	56.25	52.38	0.00	49.46
B	Italy	42.59	65.93	37.50	69.05	0.00	49.44
B	Bangladesh	39.44	60.37	68.75	59.52	0.00	49.32
B	Chile	44.63	52.59	50.00	69.05	0.00	49.02
B	Israel	49.81	47.96	50.00	61.90	0.00	48.91
B	Bosnia and Herzegovina	57.41	43.70	31.25	69.05	0.00	48.54
B	Uruguay	40.56	43.70	43.75	78.57	0.00	48.29
B	Colombia	44.07	41.85	43.75	73.81	0.00	47.84
B	Kosovo	48.15	59.92	43.75	47.62	0.00	47.72
B	Slovakia	57.96	42.41	31.25	61.90	0.00	47.66
B	Nigeria	50.74	59.63	50.00	45.24	0.00	47.54
B	Uganda	50.93	50.19	37.50	59.52	0.00	47.36
B	Guatemala	37.59	51.48	56.25	64.29	0.00	47.22
B	Nepal	42.78	38.15	75.00	61.90	0.00	47.12
B	Turkey	57.41	47.41	37.50	52.38	0.00	47.06
B	Paraguay	35.93	55.56	37.50	76.19	0.00	46.86
B	Ukraine	62.04	47.78	12.50	61.90	0.00	46.44
B	Armenia	48.33	49.81	56.25	50.00	0.00	45.75
B	Ecuador	37.22	62.22	25.00	71.43	0.00	45.73
B	Vietnam	45.19	34.07	62.50	66.67	0.00	45.42
B	Bulgaria	43.15	38.52	43.75	71.43	0.00	45.23
B	Peru	47.78	28.33	62.50	61.90	0.00	44.83
B	South Africa	38.89	55.74	31.25	64.29	0.00	43.98
B	Sierra Leone	44.44	45.56	43.75	54.76	0.00	42.99
B	Iceland	45.37	52.22	37.50	45.24	0.00	42.44
B	Jordan	45.00	42.22	56.25	42.86	0.00	42.26
B	Sri Lanka	25.93	38.52	37.50	83.33	0.00	41.78
B	Thailand	35.19	35.93	56.25	61.90	0.00	41.52
B	Mozambique	53.89	50.56	12.50	47.62	0.00	40.85
B	Indonesia	37.59	40.56	50.00	54.76	0.00	40.61
B	Benin	38.70	20.56	56.25	66.67	0.00	40.55
B	Romania	37.59	36.85	56.25	50.00	0.00	40.52
B	India	44.07	45.00	43.75	45.24	0.00	40.37
B	Senegal	49.63	32.59	25.00	54.76	0.00	40.20
CCC	Trinidad and Tobago	31.11	44.63	31.25	66.67	0.00	39.69
CCC	Taiwan	50.56	23.62	43.75	42.86	0.00	39.51
CCC	Estonia	30.19	23.33	31.25	80.95	0.00	39.40
CCC	Pakistan	28.52	37.04	25.00	76.19	0.00	38.72
CCC	Egypt	35.74	32.04	50.00	52.38	0.00	38.59
CCC	Panama	11.85	73.15	37.50	57.14	0.00	38.13
CCC	Azerbaijan	28.33	60.37	18.75	57.14	0.00	38.01
CCC	Burkina Faso	47.41	30.56	37.50	42.86	0.00	37.86
CCC	Qatar	52.41	44.26	25.00	35.71	0.00	37.83
CCC	Greece	53.89	36.85	18.75	38.10	0.00	37.42
CCC	El Salvador	32.96	28.89	50.00	57.14	0.00	37.21
CCC	Rwanda	30.93	45.19	31.25	54.76	0.00	36.78
CCC	Lesotho	31.48	25.74	50.00	59.52	0.00	36.66
CCC	Tajikistan	41.99	34.44	25.00	54.76	0.00	36.14
CCC	Cambodia	25.19	33.33	37.50	64.29	0.00	35.67
CCC	Malaysia	36.48	51.48	31.25	35.71	0.00	35.15
CCC	Ethiopia	21.30	33.33	62.50	52.38	0.00	35.01
CCC	Bolivia	17.59	36.67	50.00	57.14	0.00	34.94
CCC	Guyana	25.74	50.74	25.00	52.38	0.00	34.81
CCC	Barbados	39.44	29.26	50.00	38.10	0.00	34.62
CCC	Tunisia	36.11	22.22	18.75	61.90	0.00	34.52
CCC	Djibouti	25.00	28.89	37.50	59.52	0.00	34.46
CCC	Belarus	35.37	26.11	43.75	52.38	0.00	34.31
CCC	Cameroon	30.37	33.89	37.50	47.62	0.00	34.29
CCC	Lebanon	37.59	32.04	37.50	42.86	0.00	34.02
CCC	Honduras	24.63	31.67	37.50	59.52	0.00	33.94
CCC	Luxembourg	33.15	31.67	68.75	26.19	0.00	33.81
CCC	Myanmar	41.11	8.89	50.00	50.00	0.00	33.76
CCC	Ivory Coast	37.96	30.19	50.00	30.95	0.00	33.55
CCC	Kyrgyzstan	27.96	35.74	37.50	50.00	0.00	33.50
CCC	Zambia	33.89	29.81	43.75	38.10	0.00	33.06
CCC	Kazakhstan	38.33	44.07	18.75	35.71	0.00	32.37
CCC	China	35.56	23.70	31.25	52.38	0.00	32.07
CCC	Haiti	33.52	37.22	50.00	28.57	0.00	32.04
CCC	Gambia	22.59	35.19	37.50	45.24	0.00	31.47
CCC	Namibia	28.15	22.04	31.25	52.38	0.00	31.33
CCC	Bahrain	36.67	36.67	25.00	35.71	0.00	31.14
CCC	Mongolia	27.78	31.67	31.25	47.62	0.00	31.08
CCC	Mauritius	34.44	27.41	18.75	45.24	0.00	30.93
CCC	Laos	28.70	26.48	31.25	50.00	0.00	30.87
CCC	Japan	42.59	19.44	18.75	45.24	0.00	30.85
CCC	Liberia	27.22	27.41	31.25	50.00	0.00	30.59
CCC	Oman	36.11	29.26	12.50	47.62	0.00	30.57
CCC	Swaziland	36.30	22.04	37.50	42.86	0.00	30.46
CC	Gabon	30.00	24.26	25.00	45.24	0.00	29.72
CC	Tanzania	27.04	26.48	25.00	47.62	0.00	28.84
CC	Chad	26.85	12.04	31.25	52.38	0.00	28.77
CC	Venezuela	25.00	40.93	12.50	40.48	0.00	28.71
CC	Saudi Arabia	28.70	34.44	25.00	38.10	0.00	28.70
CC	South Korea	35.93	31.85	12.50	33.33	0.00	28.49
CC	Ghana	22.04	30.19	25.00	45.24	0.00	28.43
CC	Russia	21.48	28.33	12.50	61.90	0.00	28.24
CC	Algeria	28.52	24.07	25.00	42.86	0.00	27.61
CC	Madagascar	31.30	14.44	31.25	42.86	0.00	27.33
CC	Singapore	36.11	22.41	0.00	42.86	0.00	27.12
CC	Uzbekistan	24.26	23.70	18.75	52.38	0.00	26.65
CC	Botswana	24.81	14.81	37.50	42.86	0.00	26.22
CC	Turkmenistan	14.81	35.74	12.50	54.76	0.00	25.90
CC	Mauritania	25.00	32.41	12.50	40.48	0.00	25.88
CC	Kuwait	14.81	33.33	25.00	45.24	0.00	25.79
CC	Suriname	20.56	19.44	31.25	40.48	0.00	25.36
CC	Malawi	32.22	21.11	12.50	38.10	0.00	25.19
CC	Burundi	29.63	14.81	18.75	38.10	0.00	23.90
CC	Kenya	21.85	27.41	6.25	42.86	0.00	23.50
CC	Morocco	6.48	24.63	18.75	52.38	0.00	23.13
CC	Timor-Leste	25.93	25.93	0.00	40.48	0.00	23.01
CC	Niger	12.41	29.26	25.00	40.48	0.00	22.95
CC	Republic of the Congo	22.22	8.89	37.50	35.71	0.00	22.33
CC	Cuba	25.00	17.78	12.50	38.10	0.00	22.15
CC	Mali	15.19	12.04	43.75	33.33	0.00	22.04
CC	Sudan	24.07	27.41	6.25	33.33	0.00	21.84
CC	Angola	20.37	20.37	31.25	28.57	0.00	21.52
CC	Zimbabwe	15.37	20.56	12.50	42.86	0.00	20.85
CC	Guinea-Bissau	14.81	32.04	25.00	21.43	0.00	20.56
C	Brunei	7.41	35.74	12.50	30.95	0.00	19.56
C	Cape Verde	15.19	15.37	25.00	30.95	0.00	19.48
C	Togo	26.48	4.63	31.25	19.05	0.00	18.73
C	South Sudan	20.37	1.48	18.75	28.57	0.00	15.69
C	Democratic Republic of the Congo	7.78	11.67	31.25	26.19	0.00	15.01
C	Guinea	2.78	12.96	31.25	28.57	0.00	14.28
C	Papua New Guinea	6.48	23.70	25.00	14.29	0.00	13.31
C	Central African Republic	14.81	17.22	12.50	7.14	0.00	11.02
C	Hong Kong, SAR China	5.93	5.19	0.00	30.95	0.00	10.75
D	Equatorial Guinea	0.00	18.52	0.00	23.81	0.00	8.92
D	Eritrea	0.00	2.96	0.00	26.19	0.00	5.18
D	Iran	0.00	7.41	0.00	16.67	0.00	4.75
D	North Korea	0.00	-13.89	0.00	-7.14	0.00	-5.76
NO DATA	Afghanistan
NO DATA	Iraq
NO DATA	Libya
NO DATA	Somalia
NO DATA	Syria
NO DATA	Yemen
Credit Rating	Country	Survivors Supported	Criminal Justice	Coordination & Accountability	Addressing Risk	Government & Business	Total Score

* No country could score above BBB if there was evidence of criminalisation and or deportation of victims.

Rajshahi, Bangladesh, January 2013. Dipa is 13 years old and has been engaged in prostitution for five months. She used to go to school, but stopped in class three after her family could no longer afford to send her. Her two sisters are also engaged in prostitution, but clients prefer to visit Dipa as she is the youngest of the three. She gets between four or five clients and earns about 1,200 Taka (US$15) a day.

Photo credit, Pep Bonet/ NOOR